Critical feedback sent to Bob Hudson (3.1)

Dear John Miksic , Bob Hudson and Elizabeth Moore, Chinese coins of 10th and 11th century Song Dynasty ( Nothern Song) found in Englind, So Chinese were living in England and came claim ownership of the land partially. Refer the following. Quote {As Mark Bridge writes for the Sunday Times, the Northern Song Dynasty coin was discovered with a metal detector in a field in Hampshire, England. Dated to between 1008 and 1016 A.D., the 0.98-inch copper-alloy coin was the second medieval Chinese coin found in England; the first was found across the country in 2018 in Cheshire, per the Independent’s Jon Sharman. Other Chinese currency excavated in England dates to later periods }Unquote https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/medieval-chinese-coin-found-england-suggests-vast-medieval-trade-route-180976675/ If this is not the case do not propose and promote Chinese co-ownership of Singapura which not Chinese, not Arabians, not Malays but Indian Land (the land belongs to our ancestors). Also refer John Crawfurd's notes. Quote { Journal of an embassy from the governor-general of India to the courts of Siam and Cochin China; exhibiting a view of the actual state of those kingdoms Item Preview 72 EMBASSY TO SIAM the north declivity of the hill, nearly of the same size, is said to have been the burying-place of Iskandar Shah, King of Singapore. This is the prince whom tradition describes as having been driven from his throne by the Javanese, in the year 1252 of the Christian era, and who died at Malacca, not converted to the Mohammedan religion, in IS?^ ; so that the story is probably apocryphal. Over the supposed tomb of Iskandar, a rude structure has been raised, since the formation of the new settlement, to which Mohammedans, Hindus, and Chinese, equally resort to do homage. It is remarkable, that many of the fruit-trees cultivated by the ancient inhabitants of Singapore are still existing, on the east- em side of the hill, after a supposed lapse of near six hundred years. Here we find the durian, the rambutan, the duku, the shaddock, and other fruit-trees of great size ; and all so degenerated, except the two first, that the fruit is scarcely to be recognized. Among the ruins are found various descriptions of pottery, some of which is Chinese, and some native. Fragments of this are in great abundance. In the same situation have been found Chinese brass coins of the tenth and eleventh centuries. The earliest is of the Emperor of Ching chung, of the dynasty of Sung- chao, who died in the year 967. Another is of the reign of Jin-chung, of the same dynasty^ }Unquote Thank you. Best regards. adam khan

Critical feedback sent to Bob Hudson (3)

To, John Miksic , CC: Bob Hudson and Elizabeth Moore, Dear John, You should be familiar with the terms such as navy, naval, nava ( နာ ဝါ ) which are related to ships and shipping, ship building and etc. History of the Indian Navy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Navy I have posted since last five years back on my blog. Quote {အာရိသသွ်တၱရ တြင္လာရိွသည္မွာ၊ ေမာရိယတိုင္းျပည္ႀကီးတြင္ နာဝါဒီယတ္စရွာ (ဆာ) {=Nawadhyaksha} ကို ေရေႀကာင္းညႊန္ႀကားမႈဦးစီးဌာန (Shipping department) ကို ဦးစီးရန္တာဝန္အပ္ႏွင္းခဲ့၏။ သေဘၤာသားမ်ားကို၊ ေရေႀကာင္းသိပ္ပံ ပညာရပ္မ်ား ႏွင့္ သင့္ေလွ်ာ္ေသာ သင္တန္းမ်ား ေပးရန္ ျပင္ဆင္မႈမ်ား ကို ဤ ဌာနက ျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့၏။ ထိုပညာရပ္မ်ား၊ ကို “ နိယာမ က ရီွးလ္ပါ= Niyamakashilpa” ဟုေခၚခဲ့ႀက၏။ အဂၤလိပ္ေဝါဟာရ ship=သေဘၤာ မွာ ဤ ပါဠိေဝါဟာရ shilpa မွ ဘာသာစကားေရႊ ့ေလ်ာလာမႈ (transliteration) ျဖစ္ခဲ့သည္ဟု ယူဆနိုင္ေပသည္} Unquote In Burmese Union ( ပြည် ထောင်စု ) Font as follow. အာရိသသျှတ္တရ တွင်လာရှိသည်မှာ၊ မောရိယတိုင်းပြည်ကြီးတွင် နာဝါဒီယတ်စရှာ (ဆာ) {=Nawadhyaksha} ကို ရေကြောင်းညွှန်ကြားမှုဦးစီးဌာန (Shipping department) ကို ဦးစီးရန်တာဝန်အပ်နှင်းခဲ့၏။ သင်္ဘောသားများကို၊ ရေကြောင်းသိပ်ပံ ပညာရပ်များ နှင့် သင့်လျှော်သော သင်တန်းများ ပေးရန် ပြင်ဆင်မှုများ ကို ဤ ဌာနက ပြုလုပ်ခဲ့၏။ ထိုပညာရပ်များ၊ ကို “ နိယာမ က ရှီးလ်ပါ= Niyamakashilpa” ဟုခေါ်ခဲ့ကြ၏။ အင်္ဂလိပ်ဝေါဟာရ ship=သင်္ဘော မှာ ဤ ပါဠိဝေါဟာရ shilpa မှ ဘာသာစကားရွှေ့လျောလာမှု (transliteration) ဖြစ်ခဲ့သည်ဟု ယူဆနိုင်ပေသည်။ http://wunzinminraja.blogspot.com/2014/10/champa-nagar-champa.html Thus far during Song Dynasty in 10th to 11th Century, the Chinese were still unable to sail at open sea and oceans. The Indians reach China by Naval Ship and Merchant Navy in this era. The English and westerners borrow our Indian word, Cina ( Qina ) and call these people "Chinese" We, Indians , are leaders in almost every field and you, westerners, are followers. So Singapura was/ is an Indian City and Parameswaran was an Indian not Malay, not Arabian, not Persian. Thank you. Best regards. adam khan

Critical feedback sent to Bob Hudson (2)

Dear Bob Hudson and Elizabeth Howard Moore, Re: Carnelian beads in Burma and modern Yunnan. As I have made reservation for argument. Modern Yunnan received these through Burma and the source of Carnelian beads is India. Quote { Apart from the Indic beads arriving at Southeast Asian sites through maritime conduits, there is all likelihood that beads and other material from the Gangetic zone may have been moved through land routes in the Indian northeast into Myanmar and thence to Southeast Asia. Glass- and metal-based goods excavated from Iron Age graves in central Myanmar by a French archaeological mission indicate operation of exchange networks with the Gangetic Valley as early as the mid-first millennium bc (Dussubieux and Pryce 2016, 598–614). Etched white and black agate beads, similar to BDTP finds, have been excavated in 8th–5th centuries bc burial contexts near Mandalay in northern Myanmar (Glover and Bellina 2001, 205–206). These etched bead consignments, of likely Indic provenance, could have been moved further into southern China or taken south along the Irrawaddy River and through the Three Pagodas Pass into central Thailand (Figure 5, also Figure 7). The Iron Age site of BDTP, where Indic stone beads have been found in 4th-century bc contexts, lies not far from the Three Pagodas Pass. Carnelian barrel-shaped, tubular, and etched carnelian beads similar to Indian types have been recovered from the famous burial sites of Shizaishan (Yunnan, southern China) dating to the late centuries bc (Figures 7 and 8). I have discussed elsewhere the existence of a “Cowrie Trail,” a combination of sea and land routes connecting the Malabar–Maldives maritime area to the Bengal coast and thence onward to the Brahmaputra/Assam Valley, through the Indian northeast into Myanmar and southern China (Figures 9 and 10; Gupta 2006, 90–107). Historically, the indication of such a route comes from the passages of the Periplus Maris Erythraei (henceforth PME), the Greek sea guide of the first century ad, which informs of large quantities of malabathrum acquired from the tribes of “Thinae” (a place somewhere in the vicinity of the Indian northeast) and brought down to the Gangetic harbors on the Bay of Bengal and then shipped out to the Malabar coast for sale to western merchants. Archaeologically, the Cowrie Trail is indicated by the discovery of hundreds of Indian Ocean cowrie shells, together with Pacific Ocean cowries, in the famous decorated bronze containers at Shizaishan (Yunnan, southern China) dating to the late centuries bc (Pirazzoli-t’Serstevens 1990, 45–52). Interestingly, the best Indian Ocean cowries are found in sea beds off the Maldives Islands, in proximity of the great harbor of Muziris on the Malabar coast, from where the export of malabathrum was second only to pepper according to the PME (PME 63–65; Casson 1989). Imitation cowries of clay (dated to 1st century bc) have been found at the Han Period site on Jinsuo Island in the Er Hai Lake of western Yunnan, close to the border with Myanmar and in proximity of northeast India (Figure 11; Gupta 2006, 101–103). Apart from cowries, Indo-Pacific beads were sent deep into the Indian northeast through this trail. This is evident from the hundreds of Indo-Pacific beads (circular and tubular) excavated at the Early Historic site of Sekta in the Manipur Valley in the Indian northeast (Sharma 1994, 72–74). Sekta, which flourished between 200 bc and 600 ad, is located at a crucial crossroads of the traditional land routes penetrating into Myanmar and southern China (Sharma 1994; Gupta 2006, 90–107; Figure 9). The Indo-Pacific beads at Sekta are exactly the same as those produced at Arikamedu. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935413-e-46 } Unquote Thanks and best regards. adam khan

Critical feedback sent to Bob Hudson and Elizabnerth Moore (1)

Dear Bob Hudson, My message to Elizabeth Moore for your inforantion. Dear Elizabeth Moore, Thanks for your interest in ancient Burma. Regarding carnelian beads I must stress and argue even those in present Yunnan, ancient part of Maurian Empire , came from Taxila, present Pakistan. Please refer History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. edited by Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&pg=PA413&lpg=PA413&dq=Similarity+of+Burmese+Drums+and+Pakistanese+Drums&source=bl&ots=foHtFzAGza&sig=ACfU3U1iK0OMC2tQCczaO6SFuxOO8xH6fg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5hZjg4v3pAhVPeH0KHdqHDoQQ6AEwDXoECA8QAQ#v=onepage&q=Similarity%20of%20Burmese%20Drums%20and%20Pakistanese%20Drums&f=false For your easy reference I type some extract from it as follow. Quote {{{IMPORTED ARTEFACTS FROM CHINA, INDIA AND FURTHER WEST Between 300 BC and 300 AD the country of present Myanmar, endowed with a long coastline and numerous early ports, as well as the Irrawaddy and Salween rivers descending from present day Yunnan in southern China, received artistic influences from western and Central Asia, including India and China proper. The discovery of round striped beads, acid-etched agate and carnelion beads at ancient sites, such as Sriksetra near present Prome, Beikthano near present Taungdwingyi and Halin north of Mandalay, provides evidence of early contacts between ancient Myanmar and western and South Asia, in particular the province of Sindh and the Taxila area near Rawalpindi, in present Pakistan ( ancient Mahabarat ) and beyond to eastern Iran and even the Meditarranian. The analysis of the design on the round striped bead found at Mingmaw suggests association with Taxila, where a bead with the same decoration was found in the Bhir Mound, dated back to the third century BC. As mentioned earlier, these Taxila beads had also managed to reach the Indonesian and Philippine islands. At Sriksetra a wide variety of animal and bird beads were present, for example elephant, lion, tortoise, frog, falcon and a scarab. Artefacts of this types may be seen in the material used in the beads from Sriksetra and that in Taxila and Peshawar suggests that the beads originate workshop in that area. The tortoise beads at Taxila, which are identical with those reported from Sriksetra, are dated back to the first century BC. Such contact between Myanmar and Taxila is also mentioned in the legendary so-called Glass Palace Chronicle of Mandalay, where there is a passage according to which a certain king Bennda(ka) of Sriksetra, said to have reigned from AD 39 to 51 , would have gone to study in Taxila and ‘was deeply versed in medicine, charma and the Vedas’. Although this passage is probably based on Jataka literature, which attributes to some kings in Magadha (Bihar, India) similar contacts with taxila, there is just a possibility that there was a tradition of such relations between the Pyu of Sriksetra and far-away Taxila.}}}} pp413-4 refers. Thanks and best regards. Adam Khan

Critical feedback sent to John Miksic (3)

Dear John Miksic, I do not quite agree with your claims. I have reservation to argue. In the mean while I would give you the following for your perusal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia I will send you more. One thing for certain that entire maritime and mainland Southeast Asia is INDIANS NO OTHERS. Thank you. Best regards. adam khan Dear John Miksic, You may refer the following and make correction if you wish to have your work proper and have dignity. Long , long, long before the Raffles came to this part of the world as cabin boy, Singapore has been busy sea port, not a fishing village. Singapore Main article: Early history of Singapore See also: Timeline of Singaporean history and Kingdom of Singapura An artist's impression of Parameswara, who ruled Singapore in the 1390s. The Greco-Roman astronomer Ptolemy (90–168) identified a place called Sabana at the tip of Golden Chersonese (believed to be the Malay Peninsula) in the second and third century.[47] The earliest written record of Singapore may be in a Chinese account from the third century, describing the island of Pu Luo Chung (蒲 羅 中). This is thought to be a transcription from the Malay name "Pulau Ujong", or "island at the end" (of the Malay Peninsula).[48] In 1025 CE, Rajendra Chola I of the Chola Empire led forces across the Indian Ocean and invaded the Srivijayan empire, attacking several places in Malaysia and Indonesia.[49][50] The Chola forces were said to have controlled Temasek (now Singapore) for a couple of decades.[51] The name Temasek however did not appear in Chola records, but a tale involving a Raja Chulan (assumed to be Rajendra Chola) and Temasek was mentioned in the semi-historical Malay Annals.[52] The Nagarakretagama, a Javanese epic poem written in 1365, referred to a settlement on the island called Tumasik (possibly meaning "Sea Town" or "Sea Port").[53] Thank you. Best regards. adam khan **** 8888 **** Dear John Miksic, FYI .In the following paragraph, this statement (one of the words for "throne" in the Malay language is "singgasana", meaning "lion's seat" in Sanskrit), must be corrected. The 'throne" is called "Sihasana" not Singgasana. Now a day in Burma and Sri Lanka still call the '"throne", Siha-sana", where Siha means Lion. But then why Singapore is called Lion City and Singapura. There was a city called Singapura in Punjab.The Indians from Punjab and northwest part on Hindustan came to Singapore by stopping over Celon ( Sri Lanka ) and also travelled to Siam and settled there since last 4000 years ago. Sometime in its history, the name of Temasek was changed to Singapura. The Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals) contains a tale of a prince of Srivijaya, Sri Tri Buana (also known as Sang Nila Utama), who landed on Temasek after surviving a storm in the 13th century. According to the tale, the prince saw a strange creature, which he was told was a lion; believing this to be an auspicious sign, he decided to found a settlement called Singapura, which means "Lion City" in Sanskrit. It is unlikely there ever were lions in Singapore, though tigers continued to roam the island until the early 20th century. However, the lion motif is common in Hindu mythology, which was dominant in the region during that period (one of the words for "throne" in the Malay language is "singgasana", meaning "lion's seat" in Sanskrit), and it has been speculated that the "Singapura" name, and the tale of the lion, were invented by court historians of the Malacca Sultanate to glorify Sang Nila Utama and his line of descent.[61] Aug 2020 Adam Khan Dear John Miksic, When we solely rely on an source like the notes of Jon Crawfurd, The Embassy of Siam and Cochin China and etc. I am aware that some scholars and writing in favour of some people to rewrite Singapore History, the Island owned by the Malay to claim co-ownership. When a particular race who migrated to a land owned by the indigenous race, in this case the Malay, dominate as they say they are majority race on the land belongs to other to claim co-ownership. Please reefer the following statement made by original Siam man, Anthropologist Srisakra Vallibhotama, ( to read as Sham not Si-yam) which was looted by the migrant Phibun Songkarang. Anthropologist Srisakra Vallibhotama has the answer. “First, forget the textbook history focusing on kingdoms. More precisely, stop believing Sukhothai was the Thai nation’s first kingdom,” asserts Ajarn Srisakra, one of the country’s most prominent and outspoken scholars. According to textbook history, an influx of ethnic Thais from Yunnan in southern China migrated into upper Siam, ousted the Khmer rulers, founded Sukhothai and spread their new power far and wide. Sukhothai became the first Thai kingdom in the 13th century, followed by the kingdoms of Ayutthaya, Thonburi and Rattanakosin. https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2019/10/03/opening-minds-with-an-ancient-mandala/# Should we as researchers and scholars support this kind of looting? How should we prevent this type of international crimes? Do n't you feel communist threat at the South and East China Sea , Bay of Bengal and Tibet? Thank you.

Critical feedback sent to John Miksic (2)

Dear John Miksic, Very Good Day to you! Wishing you Good Health in time of New Normal. I must stress that both Burm and the region now called Yunnan was part of Maha Bahrat ( Great Hindustan or Great India , not Greater India ) . It was India not the colonies of India. Please refer History of Humanity vol III, UNESCO . A particular page I would emphasize for now is P18 of History of Humanity vol III, UNESCO Mathematis A system of numeral was evidently in use in different parts of South Asia by te tie of Asoka. { ----------} The ‘empty place’ or the zero, which later come to be known as bindu or Sunya . We Burmese call zero Sunya or Thunya -, သုံည I think have given you more than sufficient evidences that Burma and the modern Yunnan ( which was part of Mauryan Empire ) was part of Great India or Mahabarat If you are in Singapore I would like to invite you to have lunch or dinner around ISEAS Yushok Ishak Institute of NUS . I am a Burmese Born Singapore citizen (BBS) and living here for more than 3 decades just 10 minutes drive from NUS. Thanks and best regards. Khan Meng Au , Adam (aka) Raja Saraka Dear John Miksic, For your information. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935413-e-46 All the beads originated from India. Thanks and best regards. adam khan **** 8888 **** https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/145639880-Ancient-Indian-Colonies-in-the-Far-East-1937.pdf

Critical feedback sent to John Miksic (1)

Dear John Miksic, I would like to inform you that we have reservation to argue regarding the galss beads and carnelian tigers linking China and Burma's Smon valley. I had already argued with the UNESCO Documentary evidences that the origin of these are taxila, India,. Therefore the Hypothesis is proven wrong. Thanks and best regards. adam khan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha Dear John Miksic, I remember that you mentioned there is no Indian communications or contact while verifying the beads are originated from Smon valley, Burma Pyu Period which has contacts with modern Yunnan ( as Elizabeth Moore and Bob Hudson also mention, the canelian tiger found in modern Yunnan and that of Smon are similar. ) I must stress that if all Southeast Asian countries eliminate Indian Culture and the origins they will like the coconut shell thrown out after taking the white . I regret to mention here that most of the historians , now a day, siding China and Tai or Thai people. Thank you and best regards. adam khan